Conceptual Framework (IPO)
The Conceptual Framework is your IPO diagram (Input - Process - Output) translated into prose. It is usually Figure 1.1 in the manuscript.
Conceptual Framework (IPO Model)
What this section does
Translates the abstract problem-and-solution into an Input - Process - Output (IPO) diagram. Most BSIT/BSIS programs require this as Figure 1.1.
The IPO diagram
Drawing rules
| Rule | Why it matters |
|---|---|
| Three labelled rectangles | Panel can scan it without reading prose |
| Left-to-right arrows | Reads as cause -> effect |
| Concrete inputs | Vague inputs invite vague questions |
| Process names the SDLC | Aligns with Chapter III, Section 1 |
| Outputs include the metric | Aligns with Chapter IV results |
| Optional feedback arrow | Shows evaluation refines design |
Worked example - Sample Bakery Shop (matches diagram above)
| Layer | Items |
|---|---|
| INPUT | Requirements, hardware, software, SMS gateway, 30 respondents |
| PROCESS | Agile SDLC, analysis, development, testing, survey |
| OUTPUT | Web system, SMS feature, acceptance score 3.62, documentation |
Prose paragraph (what goes in the manuscript)
Figure 1.1 illustrates the conceptual framework of the study using the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model. The Inputs represent the resources gathered before development: user requirements, hardware specifications, software dependencies, and respondent profiles. The Process represents the four-sprint Agile development cycle, including analysis, design, coding, testing, and evaluation. The Output represents the deliverables: the functional web-based system, the SMS notification feature, the acceptance survey results, and the supporting documentation.
Panel defense checklist
- [ ] Diagram has three labelled rectangles in left-to-right order.
- [ ] Inputs are concrete resources, not abstract goals.
- [ ] Process names the SDLC model used.
- [ ] Outputs include the acceptance metric you actually report.
- [ ] Caption: 'Figure 1.1. Conceptual Framework (IPO Model).'
- [ ] Diagram readable when printed in black and white.
Mentor’s tip: Draw a three-box left-to-right diagram with concrete inputs and outputs. Add a short prose paragraph that walks the reader through it. Caption it Figure 1.1.
Discussion
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